Low Testosterone

Low testosterone, a form of hypogonadism, occurs when the body fails to produce an adequate supply of this hormone. This condition is more prevalent as men age, occurring in about 20 percent of men over 60 years of age and increasing to as much as 50 percent in men over 80 years of age. While testosterone is thought of as the male hormone, it is necessary for female functioning as well, and women may also suffer from low testosterone.

Testosterone is a sex hormone naturally produced within the body. In men, this hormone helps to maintain sperm production, control sex drive, and regulate muscle mass and bone health. The pituitary gland and the brain control the production of testosterone which is secreted through the testicles.

Symptoms of Low Testosterone

Symptoms of low testosterone in men may include increased body fat, enlarged breasts, reduced muscle mass, diminished bone density and decreased energy. Sexual symptoms may include:

Low libido (sex drive)
Inability to reach orgasm
Erectile dysfunction
Low sperm count
Smaller or softer testicles
Inability to gain or maintain muscle mass
Mood changes

Men with low testosterone may also experience sadness, irritability, or depression.

Causes of Low Testosterone

The causes of low testosterone in men can vary and may include:

Injury or infection of the testicles
Treatment for testicular cancer
Hormonal disorders
Infections or chronic diseases
Nutritional deficiencies
Andropause (male menopause) due to natural aging
Cancer treatments

Some medications and certain genetic conditions can also lower testosterone. Men who are hypertensive, obese, or who have elevated cholesterol levels may also suffer from low testosterone levels.

Diagnosis of Low Testosterone

To diagnose low testosterone, the doctor will perform a physical examination and review all of the patient‘s symptoms. Testosterone levels are measured with a blood test and should be drawn first thing in the morning. Other diagnostic tests may be administered as well, including:

Sperm count
PSA test for prostate cancer
Liver function tests
Hematocrit

The hematocrit, which measures the red blood cell count, is taken because testosterone treatment can result in an increase of red blood cells.

Complications of Low Testosterone

In addition to negatively affecting quality of life and intimate relationships, low testosterone can be a factor in several disease conditions. Recent research suggests that men with low testosterone are at increased risk of developing diabetes, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular disease.

Treatment of Low Testosterone

Treatments for low testosterone involve replacing the hormone in the body. Often referred to as testosterone replacement therapy, these methods include administering the hormone through:

Gel, cream, or patches applied to the skin
Injections
Subcutaneous pellets
Oral inserts (sublingual or buccal)

This treatment is effective in restoring normal testosterone levels in the male body and reducing symptoms. Testosterone replacement therapy is considered a lifelong treatment option. It is important that men taking testosterone be carefully monitored by their doctors.

Risks of Testosterone Treatment

Men treated with testosterone have several risks which should be considered prior to initiating therapy.

Cardiovascular problems: Testosterone can cause an increase in red blood cell production and thicken the blood leading to issues such as heart attacks, strokes, and blood clots.
Prostate issues: Testosterone can lead to prostate growth or growth of prostate cancer. Urinary symptoms should be monitored as well as PSA.
Infertility: Men who may desire to have children in the future should not take testosterone. There are other alternatives which should be considered.
Hormonal imbalances: Testosterone therapy can disrupt the body's natural hormone balance, leading to side effects such as testicular shrinkage, reduced sperm production, and infertility. It may also cause imbalances in other hormones like estrogen.
Liver problems: Some studies suggest that long-term use of testosterone therapy may increase the risk of liver damage or liver tumors. Regular monitoring of liver function is typically recommended for individuals undergoing testosterone therapy.
Skin reactions: Topical testosterone products, such as gels and patches, can sometimes cause skin reactions like itching, redness, and irritation at the application site.
Psychological effects: Testosterone therapy can influence mood and behavior. Some individuals may experience mood swings, increased aggression, or irritability. It can also exacerbate underlying mental health conditions such as anxiety or depression.
Fluid retention: Testosterone therapy can lead to fluid retention, causing swelling in the ankles and feet. It may also increase the risk of developing sleep apnea or worsen existing sleep apnea symptoms.

Many men who have been treated for prostate cancer are still eligible for testosterone therapy. Ultimately, the decision to undergo testosterone therapy after prostate cancer treatment should be made on an individual basis, taking into account the specific circumstances and risks involved.